Introduction
In 1934, the United States passed the Communications Act, a landmark piece of legislation that aimed to ensure "to all the people of the United States, a rapid, efficient, Nation-wide... wire and radio communication service." Over time, this commitment evolved into what became known as universal service—the legal requirement that every American household have access to affordable telephone service. This policy catalyzed economic development, enhanced public safety, connected rural areas, and strengthened American democracy.