John Maynard
Keynes's General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money has shaped economic
and governmental thought for nearly a century. Its central insight, that
government spending can jolt a stalled economy back to life through a
multiplier effect, remains sound. But the world in which that insight was
applied no longer exists, and two of its load-bearing assumptions have quietly
failed. The first is economic: the multiplier itself has weakened. The second
is political: the officials Keynes trusted to wield fiscal policy responsibly
have not lived up to that trust. Fixing fiscal policy for the twenty-first
century means addressing both failures directly, and doing so requires a new
institution, a Federal Stimulus Reserve, built with the independence of the
Federal Reserve but a mandate for fiscal, not monetary, policy.
Start with the
economics. Keynes's multiplier worked because in the 1930s and 1940s,
manufacturing and farming accounted for over sixty percent of U.S. employment,
and a dollar spent on goods circulated back to American workers almost
automatically. Today, those two sectors account for under twenty percent of
employment; services dominate, and services spending is exactly what consumers
cut first in a downturn. Meanwhile, global supply chains mean that much of what
stimulus dollars buy is manufactured abroad, so spending that once supported
American factory workers now supports workers in other countries. The result is
a fiscal dollar that does measurably less domestic work than it did in Keynes's
time, not because the theory is wrong, but because the economy it was built for
has changed underneath it.